POLITICALLY BASED “WOMEN’S SOLIDARITY” IN SOCIALIST MACEDONIA (REFLECTION PAPER ON THE SOURCE “MAKEDONKA - ORGAN OF THE WAF, 1944 -1953)
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Dec 20, 2024
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Abstract
This is a reflection paper on a particular textual source - "Makedonka - Organ of the Women's Antifascist Front of Macedonia" (1944-1953). As the official organ of the women's organization of the Communist Party and the first women's magazine in the Macedonian language, it is a premiere source for following the political and propagated patterns of the state for women's emancipation in the frames of the socialist state. This source can also be crucial in researching the concept and social practices of solidarity among women. My thesis is that new gendered relations between women were born in the frames of WAF's agenda and field work dedicated to women's emancipation. This "sisterly solidarity" was founded in women's dedication to fulfilling/solving tasks around gendered issues in rural communities. Thus, for the first time in the Macedonian historical context, women's new political agency was connected to their mobilization and complex organization outside the patriarchal structure of kinship groups.
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References
Sources:
The State Archives of Republic of North Macedonia - Department of Bitola, Fond 904 “Okoliski Odbor na Antifashistickiot Front na Zhenite - Resen (1946-1950)”
Makedonka - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952)
Literature:
Božinović, Neda. 1996. Žensko pitanje u Srbiji u 19. i 20. veku. Beograd: Feministička 94.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2021. “Chovechkata sostojba na industriskite rabotnici vo Vardarska Makedonija. Magisterska teza, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril I Metodij” vo Skopje (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2021a. “The press and women’s political activity in Macedonia in the past: themes and examples of women’s participation in public affairs and politics in the 20th century”. In Invisible Archives: Women in the periodicals from Vardar Macedonia between the two world wars, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 57-85. Skopje: Center for Research of Nationalism and Culture.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2022. “‘Political advancement of women’: forms of political participation of women in socialist Macedonia (1944-1953)”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 59-102. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma nd culture.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2023. “Women’s emancipation through a planned economy. Representations from the socialist magazine “Makedonka” (1947-1951)”. Zarah-CEU blog, Published on 31.03.2023. Available online: https://zarah-ceu.org/womens-emancipation-through-a-planned-economy-representations-from-the-socialist-magazine-makedonka-1947-1951/
Ilievski, Borche. 2017. Demografskite karakteristiki na Vardarska Makedonija megju dvete svetski vojni (analiza na jugoslovenskite popisi od 1921 i 1931 godina). Skopje: Filozofski fakultet (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Leitner-Stojanov, Darko. 2022. “Literacy and education in the magazine Makedonka (1944-1952): Between gender emancipation and political mobilisation”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 147-181. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma and culture.
Okić, Tijana. 2016. “Od revolucionarnog do proizvodnog subjekta: alternativna historija AFŽ-a”. In Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ između mita i zaborava, edited by Andreja Dugandžić and Tijana Okić, 147-187. Sarajevo: Udruženje za kulturu i umjetnost Crvena.
Pantelić, Ivana. 2022. “AFŽ: A Brief History of Social Change”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 9-20. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma and culture.
Slapšak, Svetlana. 2023. “O solidarnosti”, Peščanik, Published on 09.09.2023. Available online: https://pescanik.net/o-solidarnosti/
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera i Mane Manevski. 1985. Оsmi mart i naprednoto dvizhenje na zhenite vo Makedonija (1939-1945). Skopje: Arhiv na Makedonija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera i Marija Jovanovikj. 1976. Zbornik na dokumenti za uchestvoto na zhenite od Makedonija vo narodnoosloboditelnata vojna i revolucijata: 1941-1945. Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera. 1982. Zhenata vo revolucijata na Makedonija: 1941-1945. Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera. 1994. “Antifashistichkiot front na zhenite na Makedonija: (1943-1945)”. Zbornik na dokumenti, ur. Vera Veskovikj-Vangeli. Skopje: Organizacija na zhenite na Makedonija, Odbor za odbelezhuvanje 50 godini od AFZh; Globus (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Whitehead, Ann. 1984. “Women's solidarity - and divisions among women”. Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies 15, no 1 (January): 6-11. DOI: 10.1111/J.1759-5436.1984.MP15001002.X
The State Archives of Republic of North Macedonia - Department of Bitola, Fond 904 “Okoliski Odbor na Antifashistickiot Front na Zhenite - Resen (1946-1950)”
Makedonka - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952)
Literature:
Božinović, Neda. 1996. Žensko pitanje u Srbiji u 19. i 20. veku. Beograd: Feministička 94.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2021. “Chovechkata sostojba na industriskite rabotnici vo Vardarska Makedonija. Magisterska teza, Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril I Metodij” vo Skopje (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2021a. “The press and women’s political activity in Macedonia in the past: themes and examples of women’s participation in public affairs and politics in the 20th century”. In Invisible Archives: Women in the periodicals from Vardar Macedonia between the two world wars, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 57-85. Skopje: Center for Research of Nationalism and Culture.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2022. “‘Political advancement of women’: forms of political participation of women in socialist Macedonia (1944-1953)”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 59-102. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma nd culture.
Hadjievska, Ivana. 2023. “Women’s emancipation through a planned economy. Representations from the socialist magazine “Makedonka” (1947-1951)”. Zarah-CEU blog, Published on 31.03.2023. Available online: https://zarah-ceu.org/womens-emancipation-through-a-planned-economy-representations-from-the-socialist-magazine-makedonka-1947-1951/
Ilievski, Borche. 2017. Demografskite karakteristiki na Vardarska Makedonija megju dvete svetski vojni (analiza na jugoslovenskite popisi od 1921 i 1931 godina). Skopje: Filozofski fakultet (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Leitner-Stojanov, Darko. 2022. “Literacy and education in the magazine Makedonka (1944-1952): Between gender emancipation and political mobilisation”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 147-181. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma and culture.
Okić, Tijana. 2016. “Od revolucionarnog do proizvodnog subjekta: alternativna historija AFŽ-a”. In Izgubljena revolucija: AFŽ između mita i zaborava, edited by Andreja Dugandžić and Tijana Okić, 147-187. Sarajevo: Udruženje za kulturu i umjetnost Crvena.
Pantelić, Ivana. 2022. “AFŽ: A Brief History of Social Change”. In Invisible archives: Makedonkа - Organ of the WAF (1944-1952), historical experiences and cultural memory, edited by Ivana Hadjievska and Jana Kocevska, 9-20. Skopje: Center for research of nationalisma and culture.
Slapšak, Svetlana. 2023. “O solidarnosti”, Peščanik, Published on 09.09.2023. Available online: https://pescanik.net/o-solidarnosti/
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera i Mane Manevski. 1985. Оsmi mart i naprednoto dvizhenje na zhenite vo Makedonija (1939-1945). Skopje: Arhiv na Makedonija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera i Marija Jovanovikj. 1976. Zbornik na dokumenti za uchestvoto na zhenite od Makedonija vo narodnoosloboditelnata vojna i revolucijata: 1941-1945. Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera. 1982. Zhenata vo revolucijata na Makedonija: 1941-1945. Skopje: Institut za nacionalna istorija (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Veskovikj-Vangeli, Vera. 1994. “Antifashistichkiot front na zhenite na Makedonija: (1943-1945)”. Zbornik na dokumenti, ur. Vera Veskovikj-Vangeli. Skopje: Organizacija na zhenite na Makedonija, Odbor za odbelezhuvanje 50 godini od AFZh; Globus (in Macedonian Cyrillic).
Whitehead, Ann. 1984. “Women's solidarity - and divisions among women”. Bulletin of the Institute of Development Studies 15, no 1 (January): 6-11. DOI: 10.1111/J.1759-5436.1984.MP15001002.X